Torsten Gordh, M. As a history lesson, he demonstrated an open ether anesthetic for a patient undergoing an acute appendectomy. Most of his staff had never seen this procedure take place. Everything went well. In the early s, Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Ph. He tried to find chemical differences between normal barley and some chlorophyll-defective mutants resistant to certain pests.
From the mutants he had obtained from the famous Swedish plant geneticist, H. Nilsson-Ehle, Ph. They made a correct elemental analysis C 11 H 14 N 2. As usual, he tested the substance on his tongue, which he found anesthetized. Gramine was inactive in this respect. Pharmaceutical tests of these compounds were performed in von Euler-Chelpin's laboratory with the assistance of his son, Ulf von Euler —, Nobel Prize winner in for the discovery of noradrenalin and prostaglandins.
None of the compounds was considered able to compete with procaine, and the investigations were discontinued. Early in , he gave one compound to his assistant, Bengt Lundqvist — , who, in self-experiments, found it was active and had a longer duration of action than procaine. It was originally labeled LL30 after the initials of the two main coworkers fig. At the start of the testing period, LL30 was supplied in small glass syringes packed in small, blue, cardboard containers, shaped like a cylinder.
It was in this form that physicians and dentists first became acquainted with lidocaine. According to Gordh, the problems with local anesthesia at the time were its duration of action and the fact that the preparations were difficult to preserve.
The agent of choice was the ester procaine Novocain or Ethocaine. However, procaine had a short duration of action. The powder had to be dissolved before being injected, and it was not possible to store it with adrenaline because then it degraded. Adrenaline had to be added drop by drop to the procaine solution just before the injection.
Therefore, handling it was a somewhat lengthy process. In the s, hernias, for example, were operated on under local anesthesia, as was goiter. All the so-called minor surgery on the hands and varicose veins was performed with local anesthesia. Thoracoplastic surgery was performed with paravertebral anesthesia. In the s, one third of surgical procedures in Sweden were performed with local or regional anesthesia. It was less traumatic for the patient.
The major risk with local anesthetics came from having to inject in an area rich in blood vessels, presenting risk of a toxic effect leading to cardiac arrest. Surgeons had to watch for spasms and convulsions. They wanted a substance with a low toxicity and a rapid onset; this substance should also last a long time and be kept in bottles. It was like a godsend. Tore Kornerup — , who was a colleague of mine and an ophthalmologist, said that he had a friend named Lundqvist, who he practiced fencing with and who had a new local anesthetic.
I was naturally interested but said that before testing it, I would first like to have its toxicity compared with that of procaine, which was the drug we used most. I wanted to know whether it was more or less toxic before using it.
However, at the time, I was busy with my thesis about circulatory and respiratory impairment during ether and intravenous anesthesia in rabbits, so I had other things to think about. I had given him a book about local anesthesia. They asked him to demonstrate anesthesia of the finger because they were to give a presentation to Pharmacia in Uppsala.
We started the official clinical trials of LL30 in Because I had close contact with Astra AB in other affairs, it was natural that I was asked to handle the clinical investigations of lidocaine. Furthermore, I was the only educated anesthesiologist in Sweden at that time. I tested it on my colleagues, students, and patients. Dentists were provided with sample cartridges of Xylocaine and printed materials. The dentists reported very positive results. Word spread far beyond Boston and Xylocaine quickly came into high demand.
Xylocaine used in the U. Note Type: Historical Notes: Xylocaine was first made available in three different solution strengths, with or without epinephrine, and packaged in disposable cartridges. Over the years a number of formulations and packaging solutions have become available for the many types of anesthesia in which lidocaine has been put to use. Described here is a tin for 50 disposable cartridges of a lidocaine and epinephrine solution for injection. For use, the cartridges were placed into specially designed reusable syringes.
In memoriam: Torsten Gordh Access Key: akgj Accession No. Subject: Anesthetics, Local. Subject: Lidocaine. Subject: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents. Subject: Drug Packaging. Note Type: With Notes: With glass ampule that measures approximately 5. Lidocaine: the origin of a modern local anesthetic. Xylocaine lidocaine is usually employed in combination with epinephrine to extend duration and to reduce systemic absorption.
In cases where vasopressors are clearly contraindicated, however, only epinephrine free solutions should be used. Treat persistent convulsions, if and when seen, with a short-acting barbiturate or a muscle relaxant. Steve Donisch on January 14, ; This bottle was photographed with two other lidocaine packages; a tin for 50 disposable cartridges of a lidocaine and epinephrine solution for injection, and a multidose bottle for a lidocaine solution formulated for topical use. Described here is a small box made for a single glass ampule of a lidocaine and epinephrine solution also for injection.
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