A comparison of the results showed, for the first time, that people who record greater anxiety of enclosed spaces also represent their near space as being larger than people who are less anxious. They, basically, appear to have an exaggerated sense of near space, which may translate to perceiving things as too close to them," said Emory psychologist Stella Lourenco, who led the research.
Both possibilities are likely and it will be up to future research to shed insight on the causal direction. The current research raises the possibility of investigation into potential new treatment strategies for clinical claustrophobia by intervening to change the size of near space, which has been found in previous studies to flexibly expand and contract. The results suggest that changes to near space could alleviate claustrophobic fear.
As long as he can remember he has felt an intense sympathy whenever he has read of prisoners being confined in a narrow cell, and be has always been greatly disturbed by tales of burial alive. He was always nervous and excitable as a child and suffered from night-terrors. He has been liable, as long as he can remember, to worry without knowing why. When about twelve years old he began to stammer, ascribing its onset to the imitation of a school-fellow.
It soon passed off, but ever since be has been liable to stammer when out of health. During boyhood he had occasional attacks of sleeplessness, loss of appetite, and inability to work. When about twenty-two years of age he decided to go in for medicine, and while reading for the preliminary had an attack of this kind more severe than usual, which prevented his working for some time. A similar attack during the second year of his medical studies made him fear that he would have to give up medicine, but the leisure of a vacation restored him, and he completed his medical course.
While serving as house-surgeon he again broke down in health, but managed to finish his period of office, and then did very light work for nine months. About six years ago, while a medical student, he heard of a German, whom I will call A. He stayed with him for two weeks, the treatment consisting mainly of a variety of suggestion in which the patients were told to relax their muscles and concentrate their minds on the qualities they desired to attain.
Some time later the patient again put himself under the care of A. The analyst in this case does not appear to have been acquainted with the method of free association, and after an unsuccessful attempt to carry out a series of word-associations the process of psycho-analysis [p. In company with others the patient was instructed about Freud and his views. He was told that the cause of his trouble certainly lay in some forgotten experience of childhood of a sexual nature.
When he related his dreams they were invariably interpreted by means of symbolism of a sexual character. Thus, if he had dreamed of water, he was told that this indicated a wish for sexual intercourse.
It is a striking feature of the process of examination and treatment to which the patient was subjected that it failed to discover the special dread of closed spaces from which he suffered. At this time he had not realised that his dread was exceptional or was capable of treatment.
He had supposed that everyone objected to conditions which were so trying to himself, and it was only on account of his stammering and his general nervousness that he had sought treatment. Consequently he told A. Not only did the treatment lead the mind of the patient exclusively in a sexual direction, but it also failed to discover or remedy the claustrophobia.
This process of so-called psycho-analysis had no result which satisfied the patient. On the contrary, after two months of it his sleep became so disturbed and his general condition so the worse that he gave up the treatment and returned home. Nevertheless, he was left with the firm conviction, which he retained till he came under my care, that the root of his troubles lay in some forgotten sexual experience. This belief was so strong that he continued to search out for himself some forgotten experience of this kind, but without success, and shortly before the outbreak of the war he was thinking of going to Vienna to consult Freud and find whether the master himself might not succeed in discovering the lost memory.
The outbreak of the war interfered with this plan. At that time the patient was still suffering from the effects of his breakdown when a house-surgeon, but as soon as he had recovered sufficiently he joined the R. When he reached the front he had to live and work in dugouts [p.
His dread was greatly stimulated on his first day in a dug-out when, on asking the use of. It was only when he found others living and working in comfort in dug-outs that for the first time he realised the exceptional nature of his dread, and recognised that he was the subject of an abnormal condition.
After two attacks of trench-fever his dread was greatly accentuated and increased to such an extent as to make his life almost unendurable. He slept so badly that he had recourse to hypnotics and often spent a large part of the night walking about the trenches rather than remain in his dug-out. His health became so impaired that he was advised by his commanding-officer to consult the A. He was there treated by rest and was given paraldehyde every night. He was told to keep his thoughts from war-experience and to dwell exclusively on pleasant topics such as beautiful scenery.
After three weeks in hospital in France he was sent to London where he was again treated by rest and hypnotics. When he came under my care he had been sleeping very badly in spite of the hypnotics. He had been having terrifying dreams of warfare from which he would awake sweating profusely and think that he was dying. These dreams had become less frequent but still occurred.
He stammered very badly and was often depressed and restless. He found it difficult to read anything which required a mental effort and complained that his memory was defective, especially for recent occurrences.
His deep reflexes were somewhat exaggerated. In obtaining his history I learnt about his interest in Freud, and about the previous attempts to remedy his condition by means of psycho-analysis. It was only when I explained to [p. It was agreed that "psycho-analysis" should be given a fresh trial from this point of view.
The next interview was devoted to a full inquiry into his previous experience in analysis, the results of which have already been given. The NHS estimates there are 10 million people in the UK that suffer from some kind of fear or phobia. Writer and broadcaster Suzy Klein attempts to overcome her claustrophobia - a fear of enclosed spaces.
It is just before 9am on a weekday morning and I am one of around 1, passengers crammed into a Bakerloo line train heading into central London. It is as hot, smelly and crowded as any other morning's commute, but today something is different. As we stop in a tunnel - a common occurrence for those who regularly use the London Underground - I suddenly begin to feel sick.
I have pins and needles in my fingers, my heart is thudding and I can barely catch my breath. Panicked, I fear that I am having a heart attack and begin to shake. What seems like an eternity later, we pull into Baker Street station and I dash out of the carriage.
As soon as I am out, I begin to feel better. What I have just experienced is not heart failure, but what I later discover to be a panic attack. A phobia is an irrational and overpowering fear. A fear of flying and many other things can stop people doing what they want to, but treatment is…. Thalassophobia is a fear of the ocean or other large bodies of water. Learn about causes, treatments, and coping strategies that can help.
Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder. It can cause intense fear in situations where escape may be difficult or help hard to access. Learn about…. What's to know about claustrophobia? Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, Ph. What is claustrophobia? Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Causes We include products we think are useful for our readers.
Share on Pinterest Claustrophobia is the fear of a closed-in place from which escape would be difficult or impossible. Share on Pinterest Claustrophobia can stem from a feeling of being trapped, and what could happen if they stayed confined to that area. Exposure to air pollutants may amplify risk for depression in healthy individuals.
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